Enzymes with hydroxylating activity on alkanes have potential application as biotransformation catalysts in chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Genome of Alcanivorax borkumensis, a marine bacterium with hydrocarbon dissimilation activity, contains at least two P450 monooxygenases and two nonheme monooxygenases, AlkB1 and AlkB2, respectively. Activation of alkanes by microbes can be carried out under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with different enzyme systems. Under aerobic conditions, oxygen serves as the electron acceptor, while under anaerobic conditions, sulfate and nitrite accept electrons in order to complete the process. 6 shows a heat map of n-alkanes removal, with the brightness of the green columns indicating the concentrations of the n-alkanes with different carbon numbers. Similar to the results from the TPH removal tests, nearly all n-alkanes with 8-12 carbons at different BES radial distances from the anodes were degraded within 5 days ( FIG.
- Enzymatic Activation Of Alkanes Constraints And Prospects Hockey League
- Enzymatic Activation Of Alkanes Constraints And Prospects Hockey 2017
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Enzymatic Activation Of Alkanes Constraints And Prospects Hockey League
Environmental pollutants can either be organic or inorganic. Quantitatively, the organic pollutants of most concern are hydrocarbons in their various forms. The most common are petroleum hydrocarbons which include n-alkanes and other aliphatics, aromatic compounds and other minor constituents (Atlas and Philp 2005; Sarkar et al. 2005). The refining, storage and distribution of crude oil and allied petroleum products are all point sources of soil and water pollution (van Hamme et al. 2003; Chikere et al. 2009a, b; Nogales et al. 2011). Biodegradability of hydrocarbons and hence their degree of persistence in natural environments are influenced by various factors, most vital of which are the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons, the presence of viable microbial population able to degrade them and environmental conditions optimal for microbial degradative activities (Bundy et al. 2002, 2004; Stroud et al. 2007). The process of bioremediation defined as the use of microbes to detoxify or remove pollutants, which relies upon microbial enzymatic activities to transform or degrade offending contaminants, has been greatly used in hydrocarbon mitigation (Roling et al. 2004; Margesin et al. 2007; Wolicka et al. 2009). Bioremediation, especially when it can be carried out in situ, offers a cost-effective means of pollutant cleanup. It is an enhancement of the natural fate of biodegradable pollutants and therefore a green solution to the problem of environmental pollution with little or no ecological impact (Cappello et al. 2007; Kumar and Khanna 2010). The end products of ultimate biodegradation (also known as mineralization) such as water and carbon dioxide are innocuous to man and the environment. During hydrocarbon bioremediation, a number of indices are monitored to score the effectiveness of the technology. Use of fundamental chemical analyses for pollutant identification and standard microbiological techniques for quantification of viable microbial populations are the starting points of monitoring. First, the nature of the contaminants must be determined in terms of concentration and chemical nature followed by the nature of the contaminated matrix. Another parameter that is critical during monitoring is the measurement of microbial populations involved in the degradation and environmental factors that influence the rates of microbial metabolism.
Enzymatic Activation Of Alkanes Constraints And Prospects Hockey 2017
The direct epoxidation of olefins using monooxygenases offers the realistic prospect of stoichiometric conversion of a pro-chiral substrate into an enantiomerically pure product. A number of microbial systems are available in which the mechanism of oxygen activation, and consequently the oxygen reactivity, differs. This paper discusses some of the merits and potential problems associated with these different systems.
Key Words: Epoxide, alkane monooxygenase, alkene monooxygenase, microbial oxidation